4.11+Fieldwork+for+Economic+Activity

=Investigating the factors that affect the location of a local organisation= You are to investigate which factors were most important in locating a secondary or tertiary organisation of your choice – hopefully one which you have personal contact with:

1. Introduction: The factors that can influence the location of a secondary or tertiary organisation (I hope you have done this already)

2. Your chosen organisation: What is it? Where is it? What does it do? Photos, logos, products etc

3. Those factors that have no influence at all on your organisation and why you believe that to be the case

4. The factors that do/did have an influence on its location: For each one (one at a time)– what is it? How/Why does it have an influence? Where possible, evidence of that influence?

5. Conclusion: which in your opinion are the most important factors?

It is the bit about evidence that will be so individual that I cannot give pointers – but I fully anticipate that EVERYONE might want some help on this on a case by case basis. I am sure my ingenuity will come up with something provided I have enough info about your specific problem – I will then use individual problems to build up a body of ideas that might be more widely applicable and put those on the wiki on a page I will give you the link to once it is up and running:

So in order to make giving help feasible, I need the following: What is the organisation? Where is it? What does it do? Which factor do you need evidence of to show it had an effect? What do you know about that factor already? = =

=Glass fibre Tube factory outside Camarles by Nike=

1. Introduction: The factors that can influence the location of a secondary or tertiary organisation

 * Markets: some factories must be close to the place where they sell there products for to prevent using money in transport and that there product is easy to cell.e.g. the easy access is only important to industries where they need to cell there products the fastest as possible like food.
 * Environment: the industries must give a prosperous and professional image for there workers and clients so that they don't get a bad influence to there products.e.g. it's important because if they have a bad image there products will sell less then if they would have a good one.
 * Location/site: the industries must find a place that is near motorways and ports for easy transport, that the land is suitable for construction and cheap to place their industries.e.g. the industries would position there selves where the terrain is flat and not where it bumpy to prevent costs to fix there terrain.
 * Transport: the transport of there products is very important so they place their industry close to railways, airports, harbourers, roads and motorways.e.g. they will be placed close to railways if they need to transport a lot of products, for a far distance. They will be placed close to airports if they need to transport valuable and light products. They will be placed close to the port if they need to transport over the sea. And they will be placed close to roads and motor ways to have easy transport for short distances.
 * Government policy: the industries tend to go where the government is not so strict, like places where they don't have to give so much salary to there workers, where they don't have to pay so much taxes, etc... and that the government gives aid to them when they need it.e.g. the industries will not go to places where the government is very strict to prevent paying a lot of taxes.
 * Raw materials: the industries stay close to the raw material that they need to prevent transport costs.e.g. it's important to heavy industries like iron and steel.
 * Energy: the industry needs energy to function so they place them selves where they can get easy access on electricity.
 * Labour: industries need workers to work for them so they place them selves where the workers are qualified and demand less money.e.g. the industries will not position their selves where there is no qualified workers that can work for them.
 * Capital: the industries will position there selves where they use the least money and they can sell there products at a high price.

Its a tube factory that is located in the outskirts of Camarles and it produces are glass fibre polyester (GRP).

Market: the sighting of the industry is not influenced by the market because they don't sell there products there but in other places and countries. Raw materials: it is not influenced by the raw materials because they come from Saudi a Arabia, Turkey, England and Spain. It is a footloose industry.

Government policy: it has an influence because they use chemical products to do the tubes, and the government give them rules and regulation for environmental protection and worker rights. Capital: it is positioned in a HIC so it can sell there products at a higher price then normal. Environment: the industry need to give a good impression to there workers and clients so that they can sell there products easier. Because if they wouldn't the workers and clients wouldn't have comfort and would think bad of the industry. Location/site: the did locate there there industry there because the land was cheap and it was near motorways and ports. They also sighted there selves there because they have additional terrain to expand if needed. Transport: it has an influence because they need a wide road to transport these tubes and an access to a port to transport them to other counties. That's why they are close to the T-340, the N-340 and the Ap-7, and it's also close to the port of Sant Carlos de la Rapita that is 34km of distance. It is also close to the main railway of the city. Energy: the industry need to be close to an energy supply because they use big machinery to create these tubes. That's why they did position there selves close to the city. Labour: the industry needs to be positioned close to qualified workers to make the tubes and that's why they did sight there selves close to the city. They have around 200 workers from the city.

In my opinion for this industry the most important thing is the transport because without the transport they couldn't do any business, the citizens there do not buy any products from them because they do not need it.

Factors that affect industry siting
When siting a factory, it is very important to consider a number of factors. Some of these factors could be categorised as ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors as they either attract or turn away prospective industry construction and placement. Most aspects taken into consideration are carefully reviewed so as to minimise costs and boost revenue, however, which attributes are prioritised depends on what the factory plans to produce. Firstly, being situated near raw materials essential for production, for example wood, is very important for heavy industries as they rely on receiving the materials, transforming them into the finished product and then selling them. The further away these bulky raw materials are, the higher the transport costs and therefore the higher the costs of production, decreasing total profit. Hence heavy industries attempt to locate close to the raw materials they depend on. For footloose or light industries (usually high-tech), this is not a constraint and they can, in this aspect, locate anywhere as they aren’t relying on a source of raw materials for production. Energy was, during the years of the industrial revolution and before the wide scale use of electricity, an important factor to consider; machines require an energy source to work, and when this source was coal, factories would locate along canals as this was cheaper and quicker. Nowadays, this isn’t a problem as almost everywhere has electricity. Where the factory will be built is the site. Some sites haven’t ever been used in any form and therefore lack communications or other facilities until the factory and its components are actually built, called a greenfield site. The local council usually develops the infrastructure in this area beforehand in order to attract industry to the out-of-town spaces and relieve congestion and pollution in the inner cities. Greenfield sites can be just as expensive, and more so than brownfield sites. On the other hand, brownfield sites have already been developed and house all the communications and infrastructure needed. This can however, be problematic as the existing building has to either be demolished (higher costs) or instead used as a template in which to fit the new industry. In addition to this, companies have to consider whether or not there is room for expansion, access to road, rail, air and/or sea communications, depending on what they produce, as well as flat land, as this is easier and cheaper to build on than hilly areas. Light industries usually locate where there is an availability of a skilled workforce, whereas heavy industries tend to target areas where there is a large availability of unemployed, low-skilled workers, who are usually willing to work for less. Additionally, for reasons concerning taxes and transport costs, industries generally like to be near their target market. When opting for an inner city location or an edge-of-town location, companies must consider the following; space for expansion, modern facilities, congestion, rent, parking, infrastructure, grants and their targeted workforce. An inner city factory will be cramped, (usually) out of date, surrounded by congestion and without ample parking. Edge-of-town locations will be spread out, modern, near good communications, eligible for government grants and near the workforce that live in commuter villages and private housing estates. Furthermore, different industries, such as the secondary or quaternary ones target different workforces depending on what work they need done. A secondary industry usually requires a large number of low-skilled workers, whereas a quaternary industry demands fewer yet more skilled workers. Quaternary industries tend to locate near universities, as graduates are offered jobs and are happy to stay in the area where all their friends and links are. Secondary industries prefer areas where there are ample numbers of low-skilled (sometimes unemployed) workers who will be willing to work for less pay. Capital is important for certain industries; those which need lots of money and expensive machines require more capital than others when starting off. Although this doesn’t direct the building of the factory in a certain place, it may be linked to where the company can find this money, for example, an investor. Government policy can, in many cases, be a deciding factor in the siting of industry. In areas of decline, for example, the local council can attempt to regenerate the area by attracting industries through grants, tax reductions and lower rents. This can be seen in south Wales, where the Welsh Development Agency designated areas as Enterprise and Development Areas with Government funding leading to the development of five science parks (where quaternary industries are based) and creating 3000 new jobs; the attraction being financial incentives. The environment that houses the industry plays an important part concerning image. A well landscaped, new factory attracts clients and workers, who see professionalism and prosperity. Additionally, workers are more likely to want to live in a clean, interesting area with leisure activities. Finally, different industries require different modes of transport, depending on what they are producing. TNCs and heavy industries are most likely to use the sea to import raw materials or to export goods internationally, whereas footloose industries rely more on air travel, as they produce expensive products anyway, so the extra cost of the air fare is not an issue. Road transport is used by the tertiary industry to deliver products to their markets. Rail is the preferred mode of transport for finished products and has become increasingly popular following the environmental campaigns and awareness. Additionally, siting the factory near to motorways, airports and ports is an easy way of cutting transport costs to and from the factory to the airport or port.

The Junior School
For this case study, I will be examining the factors that affect the location of a tertiary industry – a school. The Junior School is a private English school in Nicosia, Cyprus. The establishment was founded in 1944 as a feeder school for the English School – a prestigious school where all the ministers’ and members of parliaments’ children are educated. The Junior School is a full primary school with pre-reception, reception and so on, until year 6. The building where the school is housed has had two annexes built on recently and portacabins have been added as well. In addition, there is a full-size football pitch, which doubles as a hockey pitch; two basket ball areas; a fun maze for the younger children; a playground with a canteen, undercover benches and an eating area. The school has approximately 650 pupils and more than 60 members of staff. Location wise, the Junior School can be found on Λεωφóρος Κυριάκου Μάτσις, a main road in central Nicosia near a roundabout heading in all four cardinal directions. There are vast expanses of untouched grounds surrounding the school, most of which are considered the property of the English School, but are used by the Junior School at school events and during cross-country week. These grounds are hopefully going to be used for parking during drop-off and pick-up times, as congestion is a serious problem.

Factors that don’t apply
There are certain factors that normally influence the siting of an industry. Of these, one is not applicable in the terms of my chosen industry. Being situated near raw materials is not deciding factor, because the school doesn’t use any. In terms of classing the school, it is a footloose rather than a heavy industry. Moreover, it is a tertiary industry, thence providing a service rather a manufactured good.

Factors that do apply
There are many factors that influence the siting of industries, and all of the below are relevant to my case study. An energy source is the basic need of any industry – what makes things work. Energy may not be an important factor in the siting of factories nowadays, but in Cyprus in the 1940s, the electricity lines were just being set up and this was most likely one of the deciding factors. A school cannot fully function without electricity and so, when planning where to place the school, the founders would have carefully chosen a spot where there would be a power supply – conveniently, near the President’s Palace and the already functioning English School. The environment includes the overall atmosphere of the industry and how attractive it is for customers and labourers. The environment was a factor considered, but probably not a deciding factor. The school’s grounds are attractive and well-landscaped with very little litter, and with tall fences and walls surrounding the entire complex. This attracts people to the school by providing a safe, happy atmosphere, where pupils are willing to learn, teachers are happy to work and parents feel able to leave their children. Government policy is a very important factor, particularly in my case study. This includes incentives given by the government to assist the industry in running. Considering that the school was founded by members of the social hierarchy, who had friends in the government, the school was given many grants to site near the English School, including tax incentives and cheap land. Without these grants, establishing the Junior School would have been impossible, leading to an all-or-nothing deal. Site where the government wanted or no school. Another very important aspect was the targeted market. Being near a market is important because of travelling distances, practicality and suitability. The same applies for schools to be near the students they target. This had been proven true with the Grammar School, located on the outskirts of Nicosia; families do not have the time to drop their children off before going to work and they get stuck in the commuter traffic. The Junior School was careful to locate in the middle of Nicosia at a major roundabout, on a main road and with the feeder school, where siblings would be, just next door. This made pick-up and drop-off times much easier for parents and, as schools start at 7:30 in Cyprus, it made the early-morning rush easier, as many families only have a 10 minute drive to school. Being near the desired labour force is important for any industry as, without workers, there is no industry. In Nicosia, there is a plentiful supply of teachers and the only reason that some would chose to work in one school rather than another is how close they are to work – petrol costs, time and so on. For that reason, the Junior School is located, as previously mentioned, in an area with excellent transport links and in the centre of the city. Very few people have to travel for more than 10 or 15 minutes to get to work, even in the rush-hour traffic. The actual location or site where the industry is placed is important for many different reasons. Firstly, companies must consider expansion, infrastructure, communications and the type of site they want. When the Junior School was built, 66 years ago, the area was mostly full of greenfield sites, so there was no previous ‘ template’ for the architects to have to follow. With regards to the communications and infrastructure, the communications were already there and have continued to develop, while the infrastructure (water, power) was laid down with special ‘quick-route’ permits from the government to have the school set up as quickly as possible. The land itself was mainly flat, and the school is actually set on different tiers with small stairs leading from the playground to the canteen, and then to the football pitch. Expansion was never a problem in the past, as the founders never imagined that the school would reach its current 650 head-count. For this reason, the main building was expanded (it used to fit 150 pupils) to a complex consisting of the original structure, two large annexes and six portacabins. The 650 students only just fit and the Board of Governors is considering expanding further, or building on a new site. Capital is important for an industry that will have hefty overheads and costs. Investors usually provide the required capital to start the industry going and then collect the money once it begins to make a profit. Where these investors can be found, can sometimes dictate where the industry has to be situated. For the Junior School, this was a crucial aspect. The three founders themselves were the investors, but didn’t have the money to start the school – they needed help in the form of government grants and reduced costs. The Cypriot government offered the founders incentives and all the financial assistance, on the single condition that the school was located on the empty land next to the English School. It was a done deal. Transport, is most probably the most important factor in the siting of any industry. An industry will be successful if there are good communications with customers and workers, and it is more often than not, the deciding factor. The Junior School is situated in the centre of Nicosia, near a major roundabout and on a main road. There is very easy access from all areas of Nicosia and also for any commuters.

My conclusion
After having examined all the factors, I have to conclude that both transport and government policy were both equally important in the siting of the Junior School. Transport is linked to infrastructure and communications, labour and market, while government policy affects energy and capital. Without either of these factors, there would not have a school and nor would it have expanded to the scale that it has. = Some excellent examples that I cannot fit on the page - but certainly worth a download if you need inspiration =

= This is infinitely superior to the idea I pushed together really quickly, just to start folks off - please take note! = My half done coursework There is a lot more I could do, but I thought it might be an idea to give you a few thoughts on how to start - and maybe update it a bit over half term I am not going to do the first bit since most of you are there already on that one, but these are the factors that we considered:

Clive Powell Mountain Bikes
A small bike shop on East Street, Rhayder moved to bigger premises with big ideas! Now he rents out as well as sells mountain bikes, kiddy trailers, seats and tandems for family holidays. He organises ‘dirty weekend’ – dirty aka mud not other naughty things! The repair shop is open 7 days a week People can stay over and be fed in the Cwmdauddwr Arms People can be taken out or just pointed in the direction of the best places to go. Clive is also deeply involved in the sporting and competition side of mountain biking. He has been instrumental in making sure that Rhayader is the start/finish of a number of national competitions throughout the year.



The factors that do not affect Clive Powell Mountain Bikes
This is a service industry and therefore does not have raw materials Leg power is the most important energy source and that comes with the customers. I guess Clive did need to get a bit of money to move from the small premises in East to the Cwmdauddwr Arms, but I think the location rather than any money involved would have been a more important issue. This project has been around a while, so I am not sure if development help was available when this was started.

The reasons why the site is important
The Cwmdauddwr Arms has plenty of space for the stock of spares and also to keep rental bikes in the dry. Also for a repair shop. The old pub is useful for providing food and accommodation for guided tours. Bringing your own bikes – for a whole family – can make travel a bit crowded – far better to arrive and rent by the day or the half day. So the site has many advantages.

Why the location is important
At the very centre of Wales and in tourist country, an ideal centre to have your holiday from. (see below) Easy to reach and all those purple, green and dotty lines are SUSTRANS routes (sustainable transport charity)

Labour as a factor in the organisation
Very low numbers but the skills and the interest are essential. Clive and his team are all involved in promoting mountain biking and support a busy schedule of local events and competitions, which make Rhayader a centre for mountain biking. This would not have happened without Clive’s input.

Market
This is a tourist centre with a well used camp site, where people have holiday caravans and chalets which they visit many weekends as well and a holiday trade. There are also many holiday cottages and B&Bs. The quiet area and many narrow roads make cycling a very appropriate activity. So there are plenty of people and many of them will be willing to try cycling for a day or 2 as part of a varied holiday experience.

Transport[[image:B4.12G_route_map.png width="421" height="369" align="right"]]
The map shows that the town is a route centre – the East-west route is the only one passing through this part of Wales. The main North-South route through the middle of Wales also passes through the town. It is a pity that there is no longer a railway line running North-South through Rhayder from the cities in the south through to Newtown in North Central wales where it jois another line going to the West coast of Wales and also through to the Midlands. However, there is talk of reopening it.

Environment
The quiet lanes and beautiful scenery mean that the environment were very important in locating this business. This would not have been well suited to a city centre nor to a busier tourist area of the UK

What I should be doing next
Approaching Clive to see if he would let me have a look at his receipts book to see if I could build up a good sample of where people come from.Then I would transfer the data on to a flow line map like this: From there I could analyse where most people came from and add to 'market'.